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chaptera-1, computer architecture chapter 1 introduction, 1) user level 2) high level language 3) assembly language 4) microprogrammed harewire control 5) fuctional units (memory, alu..etc) 6) logic gates 7) transistors wires , enigma develop by eackert-mauchly contain 18,000 vacuum tubes which make up the computing section of the machine. , colossus was a code machine that came out of bletchley park, england. vacuum tubes stored the contents of a paper tape that is fed into a machine., blaise pascal (1623-1662) pascal develop a machine to perform calculations called pascalene that contain eight dials connected to a drum. the linkage to the drum causes a dial to rotate one notch when a carry is produce., the system bus partitions a computer into three sub units 1) cpu 2) memory 3) input output, coordinates access to data bus and to the address bus, the development of microprocessors which began in 1970. the microprocessor improve the performance of smaller computers and made it affordable ( large mainframes could not compete with price to performance ratio). , assembly language, charles babbage (1791-1871) develop the difference engine. the machine had a means for reading input data, storing data performing calculations., identifies a memory location where data is stored, a computer compatibility problem develop. ibm develop a family of machines with its 360 series (more compatibility in the same family could run programs written for less capable computers without modifications to those programs-upward compatibility)., the von neuman model contain five major components 1) memory unit 2) input unit 3) output unit 4) arithmetic and logic unit 5) control unit