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215 Alternating Current, Alternating Current Irms ≡ Idc Irms = I0 / 2^(1/2) gives Power Pmax = V0I0 Pave = IrmsVrms Pave = P0/2, Alternating Current involves Alternating Voltage Vrms ≡ Vdc Vrms = V0 / 2^(1/2), Alternating Current involves Alternating Current Irms ≡ Idc Irms = I0 / 2^(1/2), Alternating Voltage Vrms ≡ Vdc Vrms = V0 / 2^(1/2) gives Power Pmax = V0I0 Pave = IrmsVrms Pave = P0/2, Alternating Current Transformers-applicable only for a.c* (stepping up or down the voltages or currents) Vs/Vp = Ns/Np = Ip/Is Step-Down Np > Ns Vp > Vs, Alternating Current Rectification (conversion of a.c to d.c) Full-Wave, Alternating Current Transformers-applicable only for a.c* (stepping up or down the voltages or currents) Vs/Vp = Ns/Np = Ip/Is Eddy Current Causes power losses and is minimized by using cores that have low electrical conductivity., Alternating Current Transformers-applicable only for a.c* (stepping up or down the voltages or currents) Vs/Vp = Ns/Np = Ip/Is Step-Up Np < Ns Vp < Vs, Alternating Current Transformers-applicable only for a.c* (stepping up or down the voltages or currents) Vs/Vp = Ns/Np = Ip/Is Uses When transmitting electrical power over long distances, it is better to step up the voltages first so as to reduce power losses. By the formula P = (I^2)(R), a high current means large power losses and hence, a large voltage is used. Also, cables are cheaper to install. Disadvantages of high voltage transmission 1) Danger of electrical discharges through the air. 2) Need to build many sub-stations to step down th high voltage for uses., Full-Wave Smoothing Smoothing is used to ensure steady voltages and currents so that it can be used.