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Pneumonia, Risk Factors: Altered LOC depresses cough reflexes which may allow for aspiration. Tracheal intubation interferes with the normal cough reflex. Air pollution, cigarette smoking, viral URI's and normal changes of aging. Malnutrition, leukemia, and DM. Bedrest prolonged immobility, chronic diseases, debilitating illnesses, HIV, corticosteriods, aspiration, NG tubes. High PSI score (see Table 28-3). Medical Diagnosis: Pneumonia Pathophysiology: An acute inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by microbial organisms. Leading cause of death until 1963 and is seventh currently. Normal defense mechanisms have failed (filtration of air, warming and humidification of inspired air, epiglottis closure over the trachea, cough reflex, mucociliary escalator mechanism, secretion of immunoglobulin A and alveolar macrophages). Usually Gram neg bacilli., Risk Factors: Altered LOC depresses cough reflexes which may allow for aspiration. Tracheal intubation interferes with the normal cough reflex. Air pollution, cigarette smoking, viral URI's and normal changes of aging. Malnutrition, leukemia, and DM. Bedrest prolonged immobility, chronic diseases, debilitating illnesses, HIV, corticosteriods, aspiration, NG tubes. High PSI score (see Table 28-3). Medical Diagnosis: Pneumonia Nursing Interventions: Collaborative therapy: Abx therapy Increased fluid intake (3L/day) Limited activity and rest Antipyretics Analgesics oxygen therapy Teaching: proper diet hygeine, health maintanence, exposure to URI's, increased risk factors, Independent: Place client in side lying position, or upright (this will prevent or minimize the risk of aspiration). Turn patient q2h to facilitate lung expansion and discourage pooling of secretions. Semirecumbant position., Risk Factors: Altered LOC depresses cough reflexes which may allow for aspiration. Tracheal intubation interferes with the normal cough reflex. Air pollution, cigarette smoking, viral URI's and normal changes of aging. Malnutrition, leukemia, and DM. Bedrest prolonged immobility, chronic diseases, debilitating illnesses, HIV, corticosteriods, aspiration, NG tubes. High PSI score (see Table 28-3). Medical Diagnosis: Pneumonia Possible Nursing Dx: Ineffective Breathing Pattern related to inflammation and pain as evidenced by dyspnea, tachypnea, nasal flaring, and altered chest excursion., Risk Factors: Altered LOC depresses cough reflexes which may allow for aspiration. Tracheal intubation interferes with the normal cough reflex. Air pollution, cigarette smoking, viral URI's and normal changes of aging. Malnutrition, leukemia, and DM. Bedrest prolonged immobility, chronic diseases, debilitating illnesses, HIV, corticosteriods, aspiration, NG tubes. High PSI score (see Table 28-3). Medical Diagnosis: Pneumonia Signs & Symptoms: Sudden onset of symptoms, including fever, shaking chills, SOB, cough productive of purulent sputum, and pleuritic chest pain. Confusion in elderly. Signs of pulmonary consolidation, dullness to percussion, increased fremitus, bronchial breath sounds and crackles. Atypical symptoms include gradual onset,, dry cough, extrapulmonary manifestations such as headache, myalgias, fatigue, sore throat, nauseam vomiting, and diarrhea. Crackles are often heard., Risk Factors: Altered LOC depresses cough reflexes which may allow for aspiration. Tracheal intubation interferes with the normal cough reflex. Air pollution, cigarette smoking, viral URI's and normal changes of aging. Malnutrition, leukemia, and DM. Bedrest prolonged immobility, chronic diseases, debilitating illnesses, HIV, corticosteriods, aspiration, NG tubes. High PSI score (see Table 28-3). Medical Diagnosis: Pneumonia Complications: Pleurisy Pleural Effusion Atelectasis Bacteremia Lung abcess Empyema Pericarditis Meningitis Endocarditis, Risk Factors: Altered LOC depresses cough reflexes which may allow for aspiration. Tracheal intubation interferes with the normal cough reflex. Air pollution, cigarette smoking, viral URI's and normal changes of aging. Malnutrition, leukemia, and DM. Bedrest prolonged immobility, chronic diseases, debilitating illnesses, HIV, corticosteriods, aspiration, NG tubes. High PSI score (see Table 28-3). Medical Diagnosis: Pneumonia Diagnostic Procedures & Medications: History, Physical examination, chest x-ray, Sputum culture, pulse ox, CBC, ABG's, Blood cultures. Abx, Antiviral meds, o2.