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catalysts with varying efficiencies, hypervelocity impact studies studied by Ted Bunch and others, sensors for water, sensors for topographic effects, sensors for habitable temperatures, What is the future of life? studied with instrumentation, variety of organic molecules need to develop selection criteria, What is the future of life? from Big Bang, life in extreme environments e.g. high salinity, life in extreme environments e.g. high or low pH, life in extreme environments e.g. high or low temperatures -0 C. or 50+ C., need to integrate knowledge aided by concept maps, hypervelocity impact studies correlated with deep sea and deep ice cores, complex structure with heterotrophic lower layers, several methods of study e.g. molecular phylogenetics, several methods of study e.g. organic chemistry, several methods of study e.g. fossil record, several methods of study e.g. theoretical models, several methods of study e.g. life in extreme environments, temperate environments before competition, self- replicating proteins some may be proteases, return samples for analysis on Earth, precursors to life e.g. various macromolecules, precursors to life e.g. some thioesters, precursors to life e.g. lipids, "signature" chemical compounds or biomarkers, Ken Neilsen works on biomarkers, life in extreme environments e.g. desert life, desert varnish is manganese & iron oxides w/clay matrix, many species with complex inter- relationships, planetary craters suggest extended occlusion of sunlight, proteins with defined three dimensional structure, How did life begin & evolve? studied on Earth, siromatotites some may be 3.5+ billion years old, planetary craters suggest planetary history, "signature" chemical compounds can be one classification scheme, protein for pores which can be computer simulated, planetary history as evidenced in topologic features, How did life begin & evolve? has several methods of study, some thioesters needed to create protocells, extended occlusion of sunlight leading to mass extinctions, planetary craters have Fullerines, Astrobiology deals with Three major questions, complex structure with some symbiosis, organic chemistry creates variety of organic molecules, Does life exist elsewhere? maybe as many younger biospheres, Ted Bunch and others use spectro- photometers, twelve + groups e.g., many fatty acids with ether linkages, What is the future of life? of stars, What is the future of life? of galaxies, many species that appear similar under microscope, separate internal from external environment needed to create protocells, enclosing membrane with protein for pores, molecular phylogenetics e.g., using DNA analysis, water artifacts suggest chemical effects, life in extreme environments studied in archaebacterial ecology, self sustain requires enclosing membrane, self sustain requires self- replicating proteins, self sustain requires energy source, proteins can be computer simulated, archaebacterial ecology may include fossilization process, Fullerines from C60 to C360, fossil species that have "signature" chemical compounds, What is the future of life? to Big Mind, protein for pores that can transfer substances, high salinity e.g. Mexico salt works, archaebacterial ecology includes study of microbial mats, ancient species seen as fossil species, robotic landers may return samples, life in extreme environments but have high production rates, fossil species studied for biomarkers, Three major questions i.e. What is the future of life?, Three major questions i.e. Does life exist elsewhere?, Three major questions i.e. How did life begin & evolve?, various macromolecules needed to create protocells, desert life as in desert varnish, orbiting telescopes e.g. Haley, What is the future of life? with meteorite information, high or low temperatures -0 C. or 50+ C. e.g. ocean vents, high or low temperatures -0 C. or 50+ C. e.g. hot springs, high or low temperatures -0 C. or 50+ C. e.g. deep drillings, high or low temperatures -0 C. or 50+ C. e.g. deserts, proteases with varying efficiencies, multidisciplinary hence need to integrate knowledge, cyano- bacteria are most of the biomass of mats, cell types can be one classification scheme, geochemical records some indicating oil or gas fields, analytic instruments with high miniaturization, analytic instruments with high reliability, Mars study with orbiters, Mars study with robotic landers, grow requires self- replicating proteins, planetary history may go back 4+ billion years, history of rocks can go back 4+ billion years, "signature" chemical compounds same as in "fossil minerals", photosynthetic upper layers composed of cyano- bacteria, water and water artifacts, life in extreme environments may define habitability limits, Composite map for Astrobiology, many species with varying environmental requirements, sublimation of carbon compounds allows for survival at high temps., fossil species can be related to geochemical records, life requirements aided by atmospheric chemists, fatty acids with ether linkages which are more Ssable, Does life exist elsewhere? must check for life requirements, varying efficiencies test with computer simulated, planets study with robotic landers, much time i.e. 13-15 billion years, microbial mats have complex structure, geochemical records suggest evolution of physical environment, history of rocks suggests environmental history, early heterotrophs e.g. ameba or paramecium- like, fatty acids with ether linkages with varying side groups, fatty acids with ether linkages with varying chair lengths, self- replicating proteins can be computer simulated, What is the future of life? involved much time, high tolerance has implications, Astrobiology is multidisciplinary, "signature" chemical compounds that are unlikely Earth contaminants, heterotrophic lower layers some are aerobic, heterotrophic lower layers some are anaerobic, life requirements for habitable temperatures, life requirements for water, meteorite information may go back 4+ billion years, anaerobic may oxidize sulfates, How did life begin & evolve? required time, planetary craters simulated by hypervelocity impact studies, precursors to life may be obscured by later life, instrumentation at observatories, analysis on Earth will be final analysis for life, enclosing membrane needed to separate internal from external environment, archaebacterial ecology may have occupied temperate environments, stars with planets, cyano- bacteria can survive in space, photosynthetic upper layers produce oxygen, photosynthetic upper layers produce carbon compounds, meteorite information crash to form planetary craters, energy source needed to grow, energy source needed to transfer substances, magnetite probably produced biologically, cyano- bacteria include many species, gene sequencing, etc. to group into cell types, hypervelocity impact studies produce Fullerines, Does life exist elsewhere? studied by planetary science, orbiters with sensors, Does life exist elsewhere? e.g. Mars, need to integrate knowledge from many disciplines, computer simulated to assess probability of occurrence, computer simulated to assess defined three dimensional structure, "signature" chemical compounds may correlate with geochemical records, similar under microscope hence confused older taxonomy, extraterrestrial samples e.g. meteorites, theoretical models of molecular structure & function, time e.g. .5 to 1.5 billion years, planets studied by geochemists, classification scheme e.g., work of Linda Janke, classification scheme e.g., work of Ken Neilsen, many species may be similar to ancient species, variety of organic molecules some may be precursors to life, sublimation of carbon compounds e.g. polycyiclle aromatic hydrocarbons, twelve + groups e.g., lacking fatty acids with ester linkages, geochemists can analyze rocks, many species identified by gene sequencing, etc., many species identified by "signature" chemical compounds, Fullerines may trap 3He and 4He, "signature" chemical compounds categorized into twelve + groups, deserts e.g., rocks with desert varnish, computer simulated usually assume random processes, microbial mats are millimeters to centimeters thick, planets e.g. Mars, lipids needed to create protocells, mass extinctions as at K/T boundary, low power requirements requires high miniaturization, high tolerance for UV light, high tolerance for desiccation, high tolerance for temp. extremes, self- replicating proteins some are catalysts, meteorite information may offer analysis on Earth, theoretical models e.g. complexity theory, "signature" chemical compounds might be seen in extraterrestrial samples, life in extreme environments similar to early Earth environments, desert varnish with some magnetite, transfer substances e.g. proteins, "signature" chemical compounds may indicate cell types, life requirements to self sustain, robotic landers with low power requirements, robotic landers with analytic instruments, competition from early heterotrophs, time hence might expect many younger biospheres, random processes but still show evolutionary characteristics, produced biologically may be used as biomarker, hypervelocity impact studies show sublimation of carbon compounds, Fullerines could contain precursors to protocells, fossilization process as in siromatotites, heterotrophic lower layers feed on photosynthetic upper layers, life requirements to select sites for robotic landers, instrumentation e.g. orbiting telescopes, robotic landers need to control costs, aerobic use oxygen, analyze rocks to reveal history of rocks, sensors help with site selection, ancient species some 3.5+ billion years old, analytic instruments ideally reprogrammable, observatories using light telescopes, observatories using radio telescopes, water artifacts e.g. topographic effects, implications for pamspermia, implications for space craft sterilization, implications for survival on Mars, survive in space thus show high tolerance