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Historical Analogy critique relies crucially on continuity in many aspects of life, not all of which may be present., Historical Analogy critique can only be used in a very limited situation, where there is direct historical continuity between the archaeology and a historical record., culture is something that agents create and are created by, something that is constantly changing through this interaction. critique transformability is good, but this definition leave culture incredibly fluid, Culture Cognitive Culture is the social and symbolic environment into which individuals must be enculturated to become fully human., Ethnography critique Need to create analogies that are very specific. This is difficult to do in many contexts., Weights and measures critique Relies on statistics to make inferences about man's cognitive abilities and assumes that this can say something about culture. , Behavior is what you do These behaviours can be understood from the archaeological record. Method, Culture is the result of the dialectical relationships between forces and social relations of production and between infrastructure and superstructure critique relies too much on economic conditions views culture as only as a by-product of the economy., there is no single post-processual theory, and therefore no single post-processual definition of culture. theories critical theory, there is no single post-processual theory, and therefore no single post-processual definition of culture. theories feminist, there is no single post-processual theory, and therefore no single post-processual definition of culture. theories Agency theory, there is no single post-processual theory, and therefore no single post-processual definition of culture. theories material culture studies, 'Culture is an information system, wherein the messages are accumulated survival information' (Clarke quoted in Hodder, 1982). adaptation is related to cultural history and less connected to anthropology method, Man's extra-somatic means of adaptation Culture is wholly determined by environment Method , Culture British Processualism(Clarke) 'Culture is an information system, wherein the messages are accumulated survival information' (Clarke quoted in Hodder, 1982)., Evolutionary Neuro-Psychological critique This argument is biological and relies completely on a scientific understanding of the human brain., Scientific method is used to help better understand why certain adaptations develop. critique The rigid guise of science does not allow features such as cultural symbolism to develop. , Culture American Processual (Binford) Man's extra-somatic means of adaptation, Culture Neo-evolutionary Culture is the result of variations in social behavior, which derive from changes analogous to mutation and which must at least be not maladaptive to survival., very historically and context based critique this seems to apply more to modern societies and for ancient societies may not be applicable, adaptation is related to cultural history and less connected to anthropology method Clarke says that there is a culture, but still studies it very scientifically, using rigorous method., These behaviors can also be reproduced by the modern archaeologist to better understand them. critique This assumes that man's behavioral response will be the same no matter what the historical context., Culture is the result of variations in social behavior, which derive from changes analogous to mutation and which must at least be not maladaptive to survival. Cultural traditions and population histories are the record of 'descent with modification' Shennan These traits are either useful for survival or attributed to drift, Culture Behavioralist culture is shared learned behavior, Analogy can be used to help better understand why certain adaptations arise in certain environments. critique Assumes that there is a particular cultural type that develops in certain environmenets. , Culture is the social and symbolic environment into which individuals must be enculturated to become fully human. Archaeologists can understand culture by understanding man's cognitive abilities. Method, These traits are either useful for survival or attributed to drift critique Does not take into account aspects of culture, such as symbolism, which are crucial to development, but not necessary for survival, Archaeologists can understand culture by understanding man's cognitive abilities. Method Ethnography, Archaeologists can understand culture by understanding man's cognitive abilities. Method Historical Analogy, Archaeologists can understand culture by understanding man's cognitive abilities. Method Evolutionary Neuro-Psychological, Archaeologists can understand culture by understanding man's cognitive abilities. Method Weights and measures, culture is something that agents are defined by and work within. very historically and context based critique, Agency theory culture is something that agents create and are created by, something that is constantly changing through this interaction. critique, Cultural traditions and population histories are the record of 'descent with modification' Shennan These traits are either useful for survival or attributed to drift critique, culture is shared learned behavior Behavior is what you do These behaviours can be understood from the archaeological record., Culture Post-processual there is no single post-processual theory, and therefore no single post-processual definition of culture. , Culture Marxist Culture is the result of the dialectical relationships between forces and social relations of production and between infrastructure and superstructure , Clarke says that there is a culture, but still studies it very scientifically, using rigorous method. critique It is important to factor in history, but the reliance on statistical analysis is problematic, especially in conjunction with the historical focus, Culture is wholly determined by environment Method Scientific method is used to help better understand why certain adaptations develop., Culture is wholly determined by environment Method Analogy can be used to help better understand why certain adaptations arise in certain environments., Agency theory culture is something that agents are defined by and work within. very historically and context based, These behaviours can be understood from the archaeological record. Method These behaviors can also be reproduced by the modern archaeologist to better understand them.