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Evolution selection Neo-Darwinian, Environment directs innovation ???? Necessity is the mother of invention, quanitative approach frequency seritation, An intrinsic life force which propels organisms to become more complex and/or perfect with time Laws of absolute progress, Environmental Determinism ???? Environment directs innovation, Cultural Inheritance - memes replace genes ???? Metaphorical Evolution, Neo-Darwinian ???? Cultural Inheritance - memes replace genes, Typological Approach ???? band tribe chiefdom state, Lamarckian Cultural Sociobiology/ Behavioral ecology, Cultural Evolutionism/ Social Darwinism ???? Typological Approach, Neo-Darwinian ???? Biological Evolution/ Cultural Selectionism, Change as differential persistence of variability (Dunnell 1980: 38) Phenotype as the units of selection, �Artifacts are the hard parts of the behavioral segment of phenotypes.� (Dunnell 1989: 44). Style Stylistic attributes are those elements conditioned only by the process of cultural transmission (Dunnell 1989: 45)., Adaptation trumps natural selection All adaptation is precipitated by environmental change, Environmental Determinism inheritance of acquired characteristics, altruism inclusive fitness, Biological Evolution/ Cultural Selectionism ???? Cultural Sociobiology/ Behavioral ecology, Dual Inheritance Theory European School, Artifacts as part of the phenotype �Artifacts are the hard parts of the behavioral segment of phenotypes.� (Dunnell 1989: 44)., European School qualitative approach, Extended phenotype ???? Phenotype as the units of selection, Phenotypic gambit ???? behavior is influenced indirectly by genes, Environmental Determinism Adaptation trumps natural selection, frequency seritation occurence, Extended phenotype ???? altruism, Metaphorical Evolution Dual Inheritance Theory, Dual Inheritance Theory American School, �It is the phenotype upon which natural selection operates.� (Leonard 2001: 68). Artifacts as part of the phenotype, Progressionism/ Orthogenesis An intrinsic life force which propels organisms to become more complex and/or perfect with time, �Selection operates on individuals and not on traits� It is the organism and not the features that are under selective control.� (O�Brien and Holland 1992: 40-41). Artifacts as part of the phenotype, Evolution causation Lamarckian, Problems with defining the unit of selection: 'ordered from without' ???? Lamarckian, Biological Evolution/ Cultural Selectionism ???? Change as differential persistence of variability (Dunnell 1980: 38), Phenotype as the units of selection �It is the phenotype upon which natural selection operates.� (Leonard 2001: 68)., Conflates genetically and culturally transmitted behavior Extended phenotype, Artifacts as part of the phenotype �All traits, whether material or behavioral, have distributions in time and space, and all traits have what can be termed replicative success, or differential persistence through time.� (Leonard and Jones 1987: 71). , Change as differential persistence of variability (Dunnell 1980: 38) Individual as the unit of selection, �Artifacts are the hard parts of the behavioral segment of phenotypes.� (Dunnell 1989: 44). Function Functional attributes are those elements which are measurably affected by selection (Dunnell 1989: 45). , Lamarckian Cultural Evolutionism/ Social Darwinism, Cultural Evolutionism/ Social Darwinism Environmental Determinism, American School quanitative approach, Cultural Sociobiology/ Behavioral ecology ???? Phenotypic gambit, Individual as the unit of selection �Selection operates on individuals and not on traits� It is the organism and not the features that are under selective control.� (O�Brien and Holland 1992: 40-41)., Extended phenotype ???? Heritable traits cannot spread through affectingthe reproduction of some other organism or trait, unless in doing so they also enhance their own chances of reproduction., Cultural Evolutionism/ Social Darwinism ???? Progressionism/ Orthogenesis, behavior is influenced indirectly by genes ???? Optimization: individuals will relate to their environments in ways which maximize reproductive success, Heritable traits cannot spread through affectingthe reproduction of some other organism or trait, unless in doing so they also enhance their own chances of reproduction. ???? Problems with defining the unit of selection: 'ordered from without', Progressionism/ Orthogenesis ???? Typological Approach, An intrinsic life force which propels organisms to become more complex and/or perfect with time ???? "devolution", heritable traits which promote [their own] reproduction will spread ???? Problems with defining the unit of selection: 'ordered from without', Cultural Sociobiology/ Behavioral ecology ???? heritable traits which promote [their own] reproduction will spread, altruism reciprocal altruism