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hypervelocity impact studies studied by Ted Bunch and others, catalysts with varying efficiencies, sensors for water, sensors for topographic effects, sensors for habitable temperatures, variety of organic molecules need to develop selection criteria, What is the future of life? studied with instrumentation, What is the future of life? from Big Bang, hypervelocity impact studies correlated with deep sea and deep ice cores, need to integrate knowledge aided by concept maps, life in extreme environments e.g. high salinity, life in extreme environments e.g. high or low pH, life in extreme environments e.g. high or low temperatures -0 C. or 50+ C., complex structure with heterotrophic lower layers, several methods of study e.g. molecular phylogenetics, several methods of study e.g. organic chemistry, several methods of study e.g. fossil record, several methods of study e.g. theoretical models, several methods of study e.g. life in extreme environments, temperate environments before competition, self- replicating proteins some may be proteases, return samples for analysis on Earth, precursors to life e.g. various macromolecules, precursors to life e.g. some thioesters, precursors to life e.g. lipids, "signature" chemical compounds or biomarkers, life in extreme environments e.g. desert life, Ken Neilsen works on biomarkers, desert varnish is manganese & iron oxides w/clay matrix, planetary craters suggest extended occlusion of sunlight, many species with complex inter- relationships, How did life begin & evolve? studied on Earth, proteins with defined three dimensional structure, siromatotites some may be 3.5+ billion years old, planetary craters suggest planetary history, "signature" chemical compounds can be one classification scheme, planetary history as evidenced in topologic features, protein for pores which can be computer simulated, How did life begin & evolve? has several methods of study, some thioesters needed to create protocells, extended occlusion of sunlight leading to mass extinctions, planetary craters have Fullerines, complex structure with some symbiosis, Astrobiology deals with Three major questions, organic chemistry creates variety of organic molecules, Ted Bunch and others use spectro- photometers, Does life exist elsewhere? maybe as many younger biospheres, twelve + groups e.g., many fatty acids with ether linkages, What is the future of life? of stars, What is the future of life? of galaxies, separate internal from external environment needed to create protocells, many species that appear similar under microscope, enclosing membrane with protein for pores, molecular phylogenetics e.g., using DNA analysis, water artifacts suggest chemical effects, life in extreme environments studied in archaebacterial ecology, self sustain requires enclosing membrane, self sustain requires self- replicating proteins, self sustain requires energy source, archaebacterial ecology may include fossilization process, proteins can be computer simulated, Fullerines from C60 to C360, fossil species that have "signature" chemical compounds, What is the future of life? to Big Mind, protein for pores that can transfer substances, high salinity e.g. Mexico salt works, ancient species seen as fossil species, archaebacterial ecology includes study of microbial mats, life in extreme environments but have high production rates, robotic landers may return samples, fossil species studied for biomarkers, Three major questions i.e. What is the future of life?, Three major questions i.e. Does life exist elsewhere?, Three major questions i.e. How did life begin & evolve?, various macromolecules needed to create protocells, desert life as in desert varnish, orbiting telescopes e.g. Haley, What is the future of life? with meteorite information, high or low temperatures -0 C. or 50+ C. e.g. ocean vents, high or low temperatures -0 C. or 50+ C. e.g. hot springs, high or low temperatures -0 C. or 50+ C. e.g. deep drillings, high or low temperatures -0 C. or 50+ C. e.g. deserts, proteases with varying efficiencies, multidisciplinary hence need to integrate knowledge, cell types can be one classification scheme, cyano- bacteria are most of the biomass of mats, geochemical records some indicating oil or gas fields, analytic instruments with high miniaturization, analytic instruments with high reliability, Mars study with orbiters, Mars study with robotic landers, grow requires self- replicating proteins, planetary history may go back 4+ billion years, history of rocks can go back 4+ billion years, water and water artifacts, photosynthetic upper layers composed of cyano- bacteria, "signature" chemical compounds same as in "fossil minerals", life in extreme environments may define habitability limits, Composite map for Astrobiology, fossil species can be related to geochemical records, sublimation of carbon compounds allows for survival at high temps., many species with varying environmental requirements, fatty acids with ether linkages which are more Ssable, life requirements aided by atmospheric chemists, Does life exist elsewhere? must check for life requirements, varying efficiencies test with computer simulated, planets study with robotic landers, much time i.e. 13-15 billion years, geochemical records suggest evolution of physical environment, microbial mats have complex structure, early heterotrophs e.g. ameba or paramecium- like, history of rocks suggests environmental history, self- replicating proteins can be computer simulated, fatty acids with ether linkages with varying side groups, fatty acids with ether linkages with varying chair lengths, What is the future of life? involved much time, high tolerance has implications, heterotrophic lower layers some are aerobic, heterotrophic lower layers some are anaerobic, "signature" chemical compounds that are unlikely Earth contaminants, Astrobiology is multidisciplinary, life requirements for habitable temperatures, life requirements for water, meteorite information may go back 4+ billion years, anaerobic may oxidize sulfates, How did life begin & evolve? required time, planetary craters simulated by hypervelocity impact studies, precursors to life may be obscured by later life, instrumentation at observatories, analysis on Earth will be final analysis for life, enclosing membrane needed to separate internal from external environment, archaebacterial ecology may have occupied temperate environments, cyano- bacteria can survive in space, stars with planets, meteorite information crash to form planetary craters, photosynthetic upper layers produce oxygen, photosynthetic upper layers produce carbon compounds, energy source needed to grow, energy source needed to transfer substances, magnetite probably produced biologically, cyano- bacteria include many species, hypervelocity impact studies produce Fullerines, gene sequencing, etc. to group into cell types, Does life exist elsewhere? studied by planetary science, orbiters with sensors, Does life exist elsewhere? e.g. Mars, need to integrate knowledge from many disciplines, computer simulated to assess probability of occurrence, computer simulated to assess defined three dimensional structure, similar under microscope hence confused older taxonomy, "signature" chemical compounds may correlate with geochemical records, theoretical models of molecular structure & function, extraterrestrial samples e.g. meteorites, time e.g. .5 to 1.5 billion years, planets studied by geochemists, many species may be similar to ancient species, classification scheme e.g., work of Linda Janke, classification scheme e.g., work of Ken Neilsen, variety of organic molecules some may be precursors to life, twelve + groups e.g., lacking fatty acids with ester linkages, sublimation of carbon compounds e.g. polycyiclle aromatic hydrocarbons, geochemists can analyze rocks, many species identified by gene sequencing, etc., many species identified by "signature" chemical compounds, Fullerines may trap 3He and 4He, "signature" chemical compounds categorized into twelve + groups, deserts e.g., rocks with desert varnish, computer simulated usually assume random processes, microbial mats are millimeters to centimeters thick, planets e.g. Mars, lipids needed to create protocells, mass extinctions as at K/T boundary, high tolerance for UV light, high tolerance for desiccation, high tolerance for temp. extremes, low power requirements requires high miniaturization, self- replicating proteins some are catalysts, meteorite information may offer analysis on Earth, life in extreme environments similar to early Earth environments, "signature" chemical compounds might be seen in extraterrestrial samples, theoretical models e.g. complexity theory, transfer substances e.g. proteins, desert varnish with some magnetite, "signature" chemical compounds may indicate cell types, life requirements to self sustain, robotic landers with low power requirements, robotic landers with analytic instruments, competition from early heterotrophs, hypervelocity impact studies show sublimation of carbon compounds, produced biologically may be used as biomarker, random processes but still show evolutionary characteristics, time hence might expect many younger biospheres, Fullerines could contain precursors to protocells, fossilization process as in siromatotites, heterotrophic lower layers feed on photosynthetic upper layers, life requirements to select sites for robotic landers, instrumentation e.g. orbiting telescopes, aerobic use oxygen, robotic landers need to control costs, ancient species some 3.5+ billion years old, sensors help with site selection, analyze rocks to reveal history of rocks, observatories using light telescopes, observatories using radio telescopes, analytic instruments ideally reprogrammable, implications for pamspermia, implications for space craft sterilization, implications for survival on Mars, water artifacts e.g. topographic effects, survive in space thus show high tolerance