1. [Internal and external factors combine to affect academic behavior and success] Factors internal to the student are cognition and affect; factors external to the student are academic and nonacademic environments.
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2. [Exposure to alcohol and drugs, inadequate nutrition, poor health conditions and exposure to abuse can impede a child's achievement or prevent a child from developing fully] Social and cultural biases aren't taken into account.
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3. [Academic self-concept varies as a function of ethnicity] In a study of predictors of college graduation, Tracey Sedlacek (1987) found a differential impact of academic self-concept as a function of ethnicity.
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4. [Expectations of students have a large influence on their achievement level] "Mr. Rutledge, I'm just no good at math. I'll try to earn a C or a D, but I've got to be honest with myself. I just wasn't cut out for math."
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