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215 raymond, Half-life means the time taken for half the number of radioactive atoms to have undergone decay or the time taken for the number of radioactive atoms to reduce to half the number before symbol: t 1/2 Formula: _ln2_ = λ t 1/2 can be used in Real life application Radioactivity therapy in medicine able to calculate dose if substance is a few years older by assume dose = time x count rate -λ t Formula: N = No e, Radioactive isotopes emit particles or radiation from the nucleus spontaneously and randomly From _dN_ = A = -λ N dt to get -λ t Formula: N = No e radioactive substances can decay in another radioactive substance that in turn redecay into even more stable necleus what are these particles or radiation? In radioactive decay or disintegration, an alpha particle or beta particle or gamma ray may be emitted, Structure of Nucleus how scientists represent a nucleus? Proton number or atomic number, Z Nucleon number or mass number, A A X Z where X represents a nuclide, Half-life means the time taken for half the number of radioactive atoms to have undergone decay or the time taken for the number of radioactive atoms to reduce to half the number before symbol: t 1/2 Formula: _ln2_ = λ t 1/2 can be used in Real life application 14 C carbon dating t 1/2 = 5700 years Formula: -λ t Formula: N = No e can be used to find age of an old object, Radioactive isotopes emit particles or radiation from the nucleus spontaneously and randomly From _dN_ = A = -λ N dt to get -λ t Formula: N = No e radioactive substances can decay in another radioactive substance that in turn redecay into even more stable necleus what does half-life mean? Half-life means the time taken for half the number of radioactive atoms to have undergone decay or the time taken for the number of radioactive atoms to reduce to half the number before symbol: t 1/2 Formula: _ln2_ = λ t 1/2, Unstable nucleus are radioactive what does radioactive mean? Radioactive isotopes emit particles or radiation from the nucleus spontaneously and randomly From _dN_ = A = -λ N dt to get -λ t Formula: N = No e radioactive substances can decay in another radioactive substance that in turn redecay into even more stable necleus, All atoms of the same element have the same proton number what is meant by isotopes of an element? Isotopes are atoms of the same element having the same proton number but different nucleon number, In radioactive decay or disintegration, an alpha particle or beta particle or gamma ray may be emitted what are beta particles? Beta particles are - fast speed electrons - have 1 unit negative charge - have negligible mass - have moderate ionisation power - have moderate penetrating power - stopped by few mm aluminium foil - travel few m in air - can be detected by GM-tube Beta decay A A 0 X ==> Y + e (Beta) Z Z+1 -1 - Element X transmuted to another element Y with nucleon number unchanged but proton number is increased by 1, Proton number or atomic number, Z Nucleon number or mass number, A A X Z where X represents a nuclide what is meant by a nuclide? A nuclide is just an atom of an element that has a specific nucleon number, Radioactive isotopes emit particles or radiation from the nucleus spontaneously and randomly From _dN_ = A = -λ N dt to get -λ t Formula: N = No e radioactive substances can decay in another radioactive substance that in turn redecay into even more stable necleus what does spontaneous mean? Spontaneous means - happens by itself - cannot be changed by any physical or chemical means