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Chapter 6 Layers, Operating System Layers Kernels and server processes are the components that manage resources and present clients with an interface to the resources. Concerrent Processing: Clients may share resources and access them concurrently. Resource managers are responsible for achieving concurrency transparency., Operating System Layers Kernels and server processes are the components that manage resources and present clients with an interface to the resources. Protection: Resources require protection from illegitimate access- for example, files are protected from being read by users without read permissions, and device registers are protected from application processes., Operating System Layers Clents access resources by makeing remote method invocations to a server object, or system calls to a kernel. A combination of libraries, kernels and servers may be called upon to perform the invocatopm re;ated tals Communication: Operation parameters and results have to be passed to and from resourc managers, over a network or within a computer, Operating System Layers Kernels and server processes are the components that manage resources and present clients with an interface to the resources. Encapsulation: This should provide a useful service interface to their resources- that is, a set of operations that meet theri clients' needs. Details such as management of memory and devices used to implement resources should be hidd3en from clients., Operating System Layers define Users will only be satisfied if their middleware- OS combination has good performance. Middleware runs on a variety of OS-hardware combinations (platforms) at the nodes of a distributed system. The OS running a a node- a kernel and associated user-level services, libraries- provides its own flavour of abstractions of local hardware resources for processing, storage and communication., Operating System Layers Clents access resources by makeing remote method invocations to a server object, or system calls to a kernel. A combination of libraries, kernels and servers may be called upon to perform the invocatopm re;ated tals Scheduling: When an operation is invoked, its processing must be schdeuled within the kernel or server.