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Chapter 8 File System2, File System Requirements: Efficiency Goal for distributed file systems is usually performance comparable to local file system, File System Requirements: Security Must maintain access control and privacy as for local files. Service interfaces are open to all processes not excluded by a firewall, File System Requirements: Heterogeneity The service interfaces should be defined so that client and server software can be implemented for different operating systems and computers. This requirement is an important aspect of openness, File System Requirements: Concurrency Changes to a file by one client should not interfere with the operation of other clients simultaneously accessing or changing the same file. The need for concurrency control for access to shared data in many applications is widely accepted and techniques are known for its implementation, but they are costly., File System Requirements: Consistency Unix offers one-copy update semantics for operations on local files- caching is completely transparent. Difficult to achieve the same for distributed file systems while maintaining good performance and scalability, File System Requirements: Replication A file may be represented by several copies of its contents at different locations. This has two benefits -it enables multiple servers to share the load of providing a service to clients accessing the same set of files, enhancing the scalability of the service, and it enhances fault tolerance by enabling clients to locate another server that hods a copy of the file when one has failed., File System Requirements: Fault Tolerance The centeral role of the file service in distributed systems makes it essential that the service continue to operate in the face of client and server failures.