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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: OS Layer, OS support: middleware and network operating systems- the combination of middleware and network os's provides an acceptable balance between the requirement for autonomy, on the one hand, and network transparent resource access on the other contains core os components: process manager- handles the creation of and operations upon processes. a process is a unit of resource management, including an address space and one or more threads thread manager thread creation, synchronization and rescheduling. threads are schedulable activities attached to processes communication manager- communication between threads attached to different processes on the same computer. some kernels also support communication between threads in remote processes. other kernels have no notion of other computers built into them memory manager- management of physical and virtual memory supervisor- dispatching of interrupts, system call traps and other exceptions; control of memory management unit and hardware caches; processor and floating point unit register manipulations. known as the hardware abstraction layer in windows, OS support: middleware and network operating systems- the combination of middleware and network os's provides an acceptable balance between the requirement for autonomy, on the one hand, and network transparent resource access on the other contains encapsulation: they should provide a useful service interface to their resources that is, a set of operations that meet their clients needs, details such as management of memory and devices used to implement resources should be hidden from clients protection resources require protection from illegitimate accesses, files are protected from being read by users without permissions, and device registers are protected from application processes concurrent processing clients may share resources and access them concurrently. resource managers are responsible for concurrency transparency, OS support: middleware and network operating systems- the combination of middleware and network os's provides an acceptable balance between the requirement for autonomy, on the one hand, and network transparent resource access on the other contains invocation mechanism is a means of accessing an encapsulated resource communication operation parameters and results have to be passed to and from resource managers, over a network or within a computer scheduling when an operation is invoked, its processing must be scheduled within the kernel or server