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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: Geologic Time Periods.cmap, Geological Time Periods ???? Paleozoic Era, Tertiary Period ???? Oligocene Epoch- Rise of Alps and Himalayas; most land low; volcanic activity in Rockies; climate cool and dry; spread of forests; flowering plant communities expand; Apes appear; present mammilian families represented (33 MYA), Paleozoic Era ???? Cambrian Period- Oldest rocks with abundant fossils; lands low; climate mild and wet; algae; bacteria and cyanobacteria; fungi; age of marine invertebrates; modern and extinct animal phyla represented; first chordates (543 MYA), Geological Time Periods ???? Mesozoic Era, Quaternary Period ???? Pleistocene- Multiple ice ages; glaciers in the Northern Hemisphere; extinction of some plant species; extinction of many large mammals at end (2 MYA), Geological Time Periods ???? Cenozoic Era, Paleozoic Era ???? Ordovician Period- Sea covers most continents; marine algae dominant; fossil spores of terrestrial plants; invertebrates dominant; coral reefs appear; first fishes appear (495 MYA), Mesozoic Era ???? Jurassic Period- Continents low; inland seas; mountains form; continental drift begins; climate mild; gymnosperms common; large specialized dinosaurs; first toothed birds; primative insectivorous mammals diversify (206 MYA), Paleozoic Era ???? Permian Period- Glaciers; continents rise and merge as Pangea; climate variable; conifers diversify; cycads appear; modern insects appear; mammal-like reptiles; extinction of many Paleozoic inertebrates and vertebrates at end of Permian (290 MYA), Cenozoic Era ???? Quaternary Period, Tertiary Period ???? Pliocene Epoch- Uplift and mountain building; volcanoes; climate much cooler; North and South America Join at Panama; epansion of grasslands and deserts; decline of forests; many grazing animals; large coniverous mammals; first known human-like primates (5 MYA), Mesozoic Era ???? Triassic Period- Many mountains form; widespread deserts; climate warm and dry; gymnosperms dominant; ferns common; first dinsaurs; first mammals (251 MYA), Paleozoic Era ???? Silurian Period- Most continents remain covered by seas; climate warm; algae dominant in aquatic environments; vascular plants appear; jawless fishes diversify; coral reefs common; terrestrial arthropods (439 MYA), Tertiary Period ???? Miocene Epoch- Mountains form; climate drier and cooler; flowering plants continue to diversify; great diversity of grazing mammals and songbirds (24 MYA), Mesozoic Era ???? Crertaceous Period- Continents seperate; most continents low; large inland seas and swamps; climate warm; rise of flowering plants; dinosaurs reach peak, then become extinct at end; toothed birds become extinct; primative mammals (114 MYA), Paleozoic Era ???? Devonian Period- Glaciers; inland seas; vascular plants diversify and become well established; first forests; gymnosperms appear; bryophytes appear; many trilobites; fishes with jaws appear and diversify; amphibians appear; wingless insects appear (408 MYA), Tertiary Period ???? Eocene Epoch- Climate warmer; flowering plants dominant; modern mammalian orders appear and diversify; modern bird orders appear (55 MYA), Tertiary Period ???? Paleocene- Continental seas disappear; climate mild to cool and wet; flowering plants and conifers widespread; primative mammals diversify rapidly (65 MYA), Quaternary Period ???? Holocene Epoch- End of last ice age; warmer climate; higher sea levels as glaciers melt; decline of some woody plants; rise of herbaceous plants; age of Humans (.01 MYA), Paleozoic Era ???? Carboniferous Period- Lands low and swampy; climate warm and humid, becoming cooler later; forests of ferns, club mosses, horsetails, and gymnosperms; mosses and liverworts; first reptiles; spread of ancient amphibians; many insect forms; ancient sharks abundant (354 MYA)