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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: Stevi Pearce Chapter 5 CMAP, Observational Learning (the learning of a new behavior through the observation of a model) Children Observing Later research suggested that potential consequences can influence motivation to imitate a particular model., Classical Conditioning Learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces it Basic principles for classical conditioning to occur CS must come before UCS CS and UCS must come very close together in time CS must be paired with the UCS many times CS must be distinct from other compteting stimuli, Operant Conditioning (Learning to make voluntary responses through the effects of positive or negative consequences) Skinner Coined term operant conditioning- voluntary behavior that people and animals do to operate in the world., Cognitive Learning Theory (focuses on role of cognition, or thought process, on learning) Seligman (originally studying escape and avoidance learning in dogs) -discovered that the animals did nothing in a specific situation -learned helplessness: tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a past history of repeated failures, Observational Learning (the learning of a new behavior through the observation of a model) Key elements for learner -pay attention to the model -able to remember what was done -capable of reproducing, or imitating, the actiond of the model -have the desire or motivation to perform the action, Classical Conditioning Learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces it several key elements must be present and experienced Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned response Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response, Cognitive Learning Theory (focuses on role of cognition, or thought process, on learning) ???? Observational Learning (the learning of a new behavior through the observation of a model), Operant Conditioning (Learning to make voluntary responses through the effects of positive or negative consequences) Reinforcement Schedules of Reinforcement: 1) Timing of reinforcement- influences speed of learning, strength of learned responce, and subsequent behavior pattern. 2) Continuous reinforcement- providing reinforcer for each and every correct response. 3) Partial reinforcement- reinforcing behavior after some, but not all, correct responses., Classical Conditioning Learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces it ???? Operant Conditioning (Learning to make voluntary responses through the effects of positive or negative consequences), Operant Conditioning (Learning to make voluntary responses through the effects of positive or negative consequences) Punishment Punishment by application: Something unpleasant is added. Punishment by removal: Something pleasurable is removed., Discovered by Ivan Pavlov (Worked with salivating dogs) ???? focused on observable measurable behavior, Observational Learning (the learning of a new behavior through the observation of a model) Children Observing Children observing an adult model's aggresive or nonaggressive behaviors tended to later act in the same manner they saw modeled; no reinforcement was necessary., Classical Conditioning Learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces it Key features Stimulus generalization Stimulus discriminatin Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Higher-Order conditioning, Operant Conditioning (Learning to make voluntary responses through the effects of positive or negative consequences) Other features Some behaviors can be shaped by reienforcing small steps, each successive approximation toward the ultimate goal. as in classical conditioning, extinction, generalization, and spontaneous recovery can occur., Classical Conditioning Learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces it Discovered by Ivan Pavlov (Worked with salivating dogs), Operant Conditioning (Learning to make voluntary responses through the effects of positive or negative consequences) Reinforcement Primary reinforcers (biological needs) Secondary reinforcers Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement, Operant Conditioning (Learning to make voluntary responses through the effects of positive or negative consequences) Behavior Modification Application of opperant conditioning principles to change undesirable behaviors and create desirable behaviors in both humans and animals. Token economies, time-out, applied behavior analysis, biofeedback, and neurofeedback use the principals., Cognitive Learning Theory (focuses on role of cognition, or thought process, on learning) Tolman (worked with rats in a maze) -Suggested animals form a cognitive map of the physical layout of the maze. -performance not due to reinforcement -latent learning: learning occurs but behavior not manifested until organism has reason to demonstrate it, Cognitive Learning Theory (focuses on role of cognition, or thought process, on learning) Kohler (worked with chipanzees- set up a problem situation) -chimp first exhibited trial-and-error approach -later appeared to experience a sudden insight into solving the problem, Classical Conditioning Learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces it Basic principles for classical conditioning to occur Why does it work? Pavlov- Stimulus substitution occurs where the CS comes to activate the same part of the brain that was originally activated by the UCS Cognitive perspective- organism conciously expects comething to occur CS provides information about the coming of the UCS